This post introduces a new music review category: Lost on the shelves. When you have as much music as I do there are some great titles that get lost in the mix. They may have been albums that I loved at the time and then got sent to the back burner, but more often they were not fully appreciated at the time.
To those of you who know me or have followed this blog you know that Radiohead’s Kid A was a traumatic event in my music listening career. I was so into The Bends and OK Computer – I had great expectation for Kid A. I remember distinctly picking up the CD the day it came out. I had brought my daughter to gymnastics (she was 9 at the time) and I had a nice quite hour to listen to it in the car with no interruptions. It was a classic WTF? moment. I was so disappointed by the new direction that Radiohead had taken – however the rest of the music world was completely enchanted. It took me years to finally get the genius of Kid A.
So when Hail To The Thief came out it was a relief to that they had rediscovered their electric guitars. I have been recently listening to Thom Yorke’s Tomorrow’s Modern Boxes, so on a recent cross-country ski workout I dialed up Hail To The Thief on Spotify. It had been a long time since I had given it a listen and I was reminded how great it is. I specifically listened to the collector’s edition which I had never heard before. The bonus material is really good (most deluxe/collector’s editions are worthless – but I still buy them with the hope that they will deliver like Hail To The Thief does).
Hail To The Thief nicely reconciled the classic sound of OK Computer with the new sound of Kid A. At the time Kid A sounded like an experiment and tossed off. In reality Radiohead put an enormous effort into it. Hail To The Thief sounds well-tended to – in reality it was tossed off. Yorke reported at the time: “The last two studio records were a real headache. We had spent so much time looking at computers and grids, we were like, that’s enough, we can’t do that any more. This time, we used computers, but they had to actually be in the room with all the gear. So everything was about performance, like staging a play.” Most of Hail to the Thief was recorded in two weeks.
Giving it a fresh listen to it this week has been quite amazing. I have played it through about five times and it is classic Radiohead – they ride the fine line between pop music and truly adventurous experimental music with finesse. It has a very live sound. I love the big guitars and drums – and Yorke’s voice is always amazing. You can’t have a great band without a great vocalist and Yorke always delivers. When you listen to this and realize that this is one of their “minor works” it says a lot about them and why they are so important. This is a tossed off and it is still a masterpiece. Rediscovering Hail to the Thief has me excavating their whole catalog and solidifying my belief that Radiohead is greatest band of their generation.
Court and Spark was one of the first pop LPs I really got into when I was a young man first discovering pop music. I came to pop music late (a freshman in college), Prior to that I was a music fan, but mainly jazz. It was not that I was a jazz snob, I just had limited exposure to pop music.
My introduction to Mitchell came much earlier in life when I was in grade school and learned to play “Both Sides Now” on the flute. It was a major pop tune of the day (made famous by Judy Collins, not Joni). But it was not until college, when I met my first musical mentor Paul, that I really discovered who Joni was. I immediately fell head over heals – Joni was my first pop crush. She was smart, a unique beauty and had a an adventurous voice that transcended folk and jazz. Her songwriting was deep both lyrically and musically.
Court and Spark entered my soul one night in college when my buddy Paul rolled and sparked one, dimmed the lights and put on the LP. We listened to it though silently and I was blown away. I have been exploring that album ever since (nearly 40 years) and have never tired of it. I am still amazed by all of it: the cover (painting by Joni and raised lettering), the pop jazz arrangements, the songwriting, her voice and the pure Joni-ness of it. It is a great reference record for test driving a stereo.
I love her whole catalog, but this is her masterpiece. After this album she would slowly turn her back on being a pop star and move towards being a jazz musician. Prior to this album she had evolved from folkie to pop singer-songwriter (a genre that she helped invent). This album represents the pinnacle of where she came from and where she was going. Its has the Laurel Canyon singer-songwriter vibe (which is still mined today by artist like Ryan Adams and Jenny Lewis), but it is how the album embraces jazz that makes it a unique piece of pop. The story goes that Joni was getting frustrated trying to communicate her vision of her music to her usual backup musicians – she would describe what she wanted in visual terms: colors and textures. It was not working and so someone told her to try jazz musicians – they would get that language – and the rest is history. Joni started playing with jazz cats and never turned back. For example the Crusaders are basically the band on this album.
The album starts out with the titular track. This is a moody piece focused on Joni’s voice and piano. A wonderful portrait of a tenuous romance. Like most of the album it embraces elaborate pop jazz arrangements.
“Help Me” is the pop hit. The music perfectly augments the lyrics description of the free fall of falling in love. Great jazz influenced arrangement and Joni’s voice soars and dives like a seagull. The song has a great ending – it fades like a gorgeous sunset.
“Free Man In Paris” is wonderful cinematic reminiscing of a simpler time juxtapositioned with the current moment where Joni is overwhelmed by her success. The music has a sexy swagger and screw you attitude that hides under the pop sheen.
“People’s Parties” leans more on the Blue album sound. The song lyrics wonderfully captures the fish out of water awkwardness of certain social situation – that I don’t want to be here vibe. The song has one of my all-time favorite lines from a song: “laughing and crying you know it’s the same release.” It wonderfully segues into the final song of side one “The Same Situation.” The song captures the contradiction of being a successful women yet the need to belonging to a man. The voice of the song is not proud of this contradiction, but it is honest.
Side 2 starts out with “Car On The Hill.” We have all been there – waiting for someone to show up and not quite confident if they will or not. The song really embraces the pop jazz sensibility. Great arrangement – a three-minute pop symphony.
“Down To You” again is a shade of Blue, but with more pop sophistication. Lyrically the song captures a man: both tender and hard (“you’re a brute – you’re an angel”). The song has great instrumental bridge that is yet another little pop symphony.
“Just Like This Train” has that great sunset on the beach feel to the music. The song is very visual, yet at the same time philosophical. It has great lines like:
I used to count lovers like railroad cars
I counted them on my side
Lately I don’t count on nothing
I just let things slide
“Raised On Robbery” is a rock and roll song. It captures the careless of youth: wasting money and stealing hearts.
“Trouble Child” provides more southern California beach vibe. Lyrically the song captures the beauty and the terror of a talented but screwed up young person: “trouble child breaking like the waves at Malibu.”
The LP ends with “Twisted” a rare cover by Joni. The song adds humor to the proceedings. But it is the same introspective and brilliant women from the rest of the album. The song foreshadows the straight jazz that Joni would embrace in a few more years. The original was a jazz underground hit in the early 50s by Annie Ross. Joni does a brilliant cover.
Joni Mitchell is great singer-songwriter and this is an accessible pop masterpiece. I would have a hard time picking my favorite Joni album, it would depend on my mood. But if there was one album to make an introduction to Joni, this would be it.
I am a bit late to the party, but I have finally given Thom Yorke’s latest a listen. I admit I was a bit put off by his delivery model. But I am finally over that. I like physical media, but I don’t want to pay $50 for mail order vinyl either. I like streaming, but Thom won’t let me. I do admire that he, like Taylor Swift, has found a way to get paid handsomely for a recording.
I am not a big fan or very knowledgeable about this style of music. I have listened to a little Aphex Twin (which I kind of like), but stuff like Skrillex makes my teeth hurt. Yorke’s music is not that far from the more ambient side of Pink Floyd. More sound effects than songs. I am too ignorant to categorize it.
I like the album and I find it more accessible than The Eraser. This is not OK Computer, but that ship left the port 15 years ago. The innovation, is not in the underlying music (which is pretty standard ambient techno ear worms), it is Yorke’s voice – which has never sounded better. This is minimalistic soundscapes with York’s ethereal voice hovering over the beats. It is mellow and dreamy. It is not amazing, but it is lovely.
I have had various LP copies of Soul Box over the years, but I recently came across an original box version for just four bucks at Logan Hardware in Chicago.
Grover Washington Jr. is one of the great purveyors of soul jazz and this is one of his early works (before he went too soft with smooth jazz). It is a two LP set most commonly found (usually cheap) as two separate LPs: Volume 1 and Volume 2. The set was arranged by Bob James and the sidemen are a who’s who of soul jazz (e.g.: Idris Muhammad, Eric Gale, Ralph McDonald, etc).
Washington has two modes: sappy smooth jazz (he helped invent the format) and funky soul jazz. I think you can figure out which I prefer. Volume 1 side 1 starts with the sweets: “Aubrey.” This song defines smooth jazz. Fortunately it clocks in at under 4 minutes; it is the weakest track on the album. Next up is “Masterpiece” which defines soul jazz. Slow simmering funk seasoned with a cinematic orchestra. This is the Washington I love. Side 2 is a sweet cover of Marvin Gaye’s “Trouble Man” clocking in at almost 16 minutes of soul jazz bliss. This song alone is worth the price of admission.
Volume 2 starts with some more syrup – a cover of Stevie Wonder’s “You Are The Sunshine Of My Life.” A classic melody, but the funk has been pretty much been drained out of it. But still more soul than the average smooth jazz cut. Next up is “Don’t Explain,” a ballad/standard associated with Billie Holliday. This is the closest to straight jazz on the album. A gorgeous ballad that does not get too sentimental and allows for several nice solos. There are some cool orchestral moments too. Pretty epic sounding cut.
Side 2 starts with a melody of “Easy Living/Ain’t Nobodies Business If I Do.” The song starts with a very melodic Washington solo over an orchestral foundation. It then segues into some groovy funk. The final cut is a Billy Cobham (I love drummer-composers) song “Taurian Matador.” Think Weather Report with an orchestra vs Zawinul’s keyboards. The most challenging cut on the album, but worth the adventure.
This is a nice inexpensive introduction to Grover Washington Jr. (Mister Magic is the bomb, but is pricy in vinyl). The box comes with a nice long set of liner notes that are missing from the single album versions.
I was bragging the other day to another crate digger that I have never unintentionally purchased a duplicate of an album in my collection. Amazingly I occasionally find albums I did not know I even had. The other day I was looking for another record and I found this album. I have no recollection of buying it, but given its location in the pile it must be from the last year. I assume I picked it up because it was a CTI release. When I picked it out of the pile I could not even tell you what instrument Szabo played (electric guitar).
I have no idea if this is album is representative of Szabo’s work, but this is very sweet soul jazz fusion LP. After Googling Szabo I learned he had recorded “Breezen'” before George Benson and in fact accused Benson of stealing his arrangement. Carlos Santana is said to be a huge Szabo fan. So I am guessing this album is fairly representation and I will be looking for more.
The album opens with a composition by the session’s bassist Wolfgang Melz (who wrote 5 of 6 of the albums cuts) called “Rambler.” It has that folk jazz flavor that Bill Frisell has perfected. The whole album is graced by Bob James arrangements and keyboards. It is kind of dated sound, but I find that kind of cool. Very 70s.
“It So Hard To Say Goodbye” is a beautiful melancholy song that sounds like its title. This is not far of from a Pat Metheny ballad.
“New Love” has that mid-70s George Benson feel – very smooth pop jazz. Szabo has his own tone and voice – he does not sound anything like Benson – just that similar pop jazz style. Very melodic stuff.
“Reinhardt” starts side two and is the coolest song on the album (see YouTube below). It has a Gypsy jazz sound (named after Melz’s son vs. the Django) with all kinds of cool disjointed twist and turns. It reminds me visually of odd angles (a good match to the album cover).
“Help Me Build a Lifetime” could easily be a Jimmy Buffett song – it is like a nice day at the beach.
The LP ends with “All Is Well” that would not sound out-of-place on Joni Mitchell’s Court and Spark album. My next favorite cut on the album. It has that classic waves lapping at the shore feel to it. This is the only non Melz (Robert Lam) composition on the album, but it is not out of place.
This is what crate digging is all about – buying an LP you know nothing about for a couple of bucks based solely on the label (for me CTI is so reliable) and being blown away by it. I will be definitely digging into Szabo’s catalog.
I bought this album because of the cover art, because it was on the CTI label and I was familiar with Joe Farrell (saxes and flutes) from his time in the classic fusion band Return to Forever. Every once in a while you get reward for this kind of decision. Canned Funk is a killer album.
The album opens with the titular track which is a nice heavy blast of jazz rock funk. It includes a nice face melting solo from Joe Beck.
“Animal” is a very sophisticated piece of jazz funk where Farrell opens with a great baritone sax riff and then glides into an extended tenor solo. Again Joe Beck provides a great solo. Followed by cool bass solo that is totally melodic (Herb Bushler). Over all “Animal” is 10 minute tour de force.
Side two starts with “Suite Martinique” which focuses on Farrell’s flute and soprano sax. This is the most challenging track on the album – how I imagine Coltrane might have sounded if he lived long enough to try his hand at fusion. If you are in the right mood this is some pretty cool stuff.
The LP ends with “Spoken Silence” the most commercial song on the album. It would not sound out-of-place on George Benson album. It foreshadows the light jazz that would become a successful genre within the next few years.
Over a pretty great album that lives up to its very cool cover art.
I have not followed D’Angelo’s career since he made his big splash with Voodoo in 2000. That album was so powerful one would assume he was going to be a huge star. But he disappeared. I never really researched why. I figured he wasted his talent and fame – the black Axl Rose. There would be occasional rumors of comeback, but nothing ever came of it. And then without warning Black Messiah appears. My first thought was will this be Chinese Democracy or will it be good?
I am on my initial listen and it is good. Same soul jazz hip hop vibe as Voodoo. But not a reprise. A natural progression. Fourteen years without skipping a beat.
I am a huge Prince fan and clearly D’Angelo is a disciple of the purple one. He is inspired by Prince without being derivative. He is his own man.
Black Messiah is contemporary R&B. I am so bored with current artists reenacting vs. reinventing. D’Angelo reinvents.
These are heavy grooves. It is going to take me several days to digest this album. I have met it and now I want to really get to know it.
As inconsequential as this release is – mere extra material from 1993’s Division Bell sessions – I love this album and it will make my “best of 2014.”
Division Bell, and the live follow-up Pulse, have a special place in my heart. I was really into those two albums when they came out and I had the opportunity to see Pink Floyd perform in the summer of 1994 at Minneapolis’ Metrodome (the only concert I ever saw at The Dome that sounded good). I used to drag my old PA speakers out in the backyard on summer afternoon and listen to Division Bell and Pulse and smoke a cigar.
Since Endless River came out this fall I have been listening to it on Spotify. I bought the Blu-ray edition (for $36), but promptly returned it to fund the latest Wilco release. It just seemed too much to pay for such a throw away album. But the damn thing kept haunting me and I just had to have it. I recently repurchased the Blu-ray edition for a mere $26 – it turns out Best Buy will match other retailers – including online retailers like Amazon and Barnes and Noble (this album was available from Barnes and Noble stores for $32 and online for $26) – Best Buy’s regular price was $35!
The album is primarily instrumental and ambient. it just reeks classic Pink Floyd. And lets face it, Pink Floyd is one of the greatest rock bands of all time – if they fart it is interesting – and their sound is such great ear candy you could care less how empty the calories are. There is not much to review here, other than to say if you like Pink Floyd ear worms you will like this album. I almost prefer that it is primarily instrumental. The one song with vocals is the worst cut on the album (a little to obvious bitch and boast about being Pink Floyd).
This is Pink Floyd lite – the Gilmour version – which is fine with me – I am a sucker for Gilmour’s seagull guitar sound and can live without Roger Waters heavy-handed story telling. It is the sound not the lyrics that matter with Floyd.
The Blu-ray edition comes with a Blu-ray disc and a CD so this is my big opportunity to test drive a CD vs. a high-resolution stereo PCM (96kHz/24 bit) on my Oppo 105D. The Blu-ray disc also has some non-album material (which is available on Spotify – pretty cool little jams) and video material (worthless). The Blu-ray edition also includes an expanded booklet (vs. the CD edition – that means a few more pages and bigger photos) and 3 collector post cards (oh boy – should I mail them to a friend?).
What I am interested in is pure sound – does the high-resolution version sound better than a CD? Yes it does – but not as much as you would think. The CD sounds a bit like it has blanket over it, yet at the same time a bit harsh at dynamic moments. The PCM (96kHz/24 bit) version handles the whisper to a scream dynamics effortless. There is not the listener’s fatigue you typically have with a CD. I don’t have vinyl copy of this album to compare to – but the PCM (96kHz/24 bit) version has all that’s great about a vinyl record without the bad (surface noise). Is it worth twice the CD? Yes if you really love the album (my new standard is to sample new music on Spotify and if I love it I buy the CD and if am gaga over it I buy the vinyl – now I would consider hi rez).
But what is all about is the music and if you are Floyd fan you will like this and to hear it in studio quality sound on a nice stereo is frankly why you have a nice stereo.
This was number one on my Record Store Day (Black Friday 2014) wish list. Neil has been withholding Time Fades Away since it was first released in 1973. Never reissued and never released on CD. I have never heard it. Last April’s Record Store Day he toyed with us by having this set on the RSD list only to have it pulled at the last minute. It was not on the first Black Friday list this year, but then it magically appeared. I was skeptical. And even it was really going to be released I figured it would be scarce with only 3000 copies allocated to 750 participating indie record stores. I had low expectations.
Our family has started a new tradition of spending Thanksgiving weekend in Chicago where my son lives. I got up early Black Friday and stood outside Reckless Records on Broadway for a couple of hours. I was tenth in line! My odds were looking up. When they finally opened up and I got up to the counter I was disappointed to learn they did not have a copy and they could not even verify if they even got one. Shit – I was shafted.
I picked up about half of my list and most of my daughter’s list and hustled over to Dave’s Records (NO CD’s!! Never had ‘em!! Never Will!! ) just a few blocks away (with a one hour later opening time the Reckless). I was about 20th in line. Dave opened early (which was nice because I was freezing). My wife could see they had a copy – so there was hope. I waited nervously for my turn making small talk with the others in the queue. When I finally go to the counter and asked Dave reached over and handed it to me like Santa hanging a kid a candy cane. My family cheered as did my queue-mates. The joys of Record Store Day (the only buzz kill was the $160 price tag).
Dave had the rest of the items on my and my daughter’s list – I could have slept in and not froze my ass off if I had just gone to Dave’s in the first place. The store is tiny, but has an outstanding inventory (better then stores 10 times its size). Dave must have some serious clout in the indie record store industry because his RSD inventory was amazing. I stopped back later in the day to pick up a 7″ I had forgotten and he still had one last Neil box!
So does the box live up to the hype? Yes. The first release series represents some of the easiest vinyl you can crate dig – those first albums where big sellers. Great albums, but so many of the songs have been worn out on Classic Rock radio that they no longer amaze me. This second batch of the series is a hipper and less popular section of Neil’s career. It it includes the so called “Ditch Trilogy:” three LPs that were consecutive commercial failures, as contrasted with the more middle-of-the-road pop and mega success of Harvest. A point where Neil officially stopped giving a shit that he was a rock star and let his freak flag fly and examine the seamy side of the counter culture.
Official Release Series Volume 2 is audiophile reissues of 4 Neil Young albums (Time Fades Away, On The Beach, Tonight’s The Night and Zuma) on 180 gram audiophile vinyl remastered from the original recordings at Bernie Grundman Mastering. Historically accurate artwork by Neil’s art director Gary Burden. The pressings are top notch and the audio quality is stunning. The album art is authentic short of the bar code and reissue logo.
Time Fades Away (1973)- Neil has a lot of oddities in his catalog and this is right up there: a live album of all new material. Why on earth he found this album an embarrassment is a mystery. The band was the Stray Gators – the band behind Neil’s most pop album Harvest, but this is mostly-anti Harvest. More rust than gold – and that is a good thing. Neil told an interviewer 15 years after the fact:
That Time Fades Away was “the worst record I ever made – but as a documentary of what was happening to me, it was a great record. I was onstage and I was playing all these songs that nobody had heard before, recording them, and I didn’t have the right band. It was just an uncomfortable tour. I felt like a product, and I had this band of all-star musicians that couldn’t even look at each other.”
The album sounds great – I can’t imagine how good it would have been if the band had been in a groove.
Side One: The first and titular track has a great party feel to it. “Journey Through The Past” would not sound out of place on After The Gold Rush.” Basically Neil at the piano. “Yonder Stands The Sinner” is that great sloppy Neil Young sound that borders on honkytonk punk. “LA” has the Harvest sound without the shine. “Love In Mind” is contemplative Neil at the piano and would not sound outplace on a Carole King album.
Side Two: “Don’t Be Denied” sounds like a great Neil and Crazy Horse song but without the growl of the Horse. “The Bridge” is back to contemplative Neil and piano and harmonica. Again that After The Gold Rush feel. “The Last Dance” is classic grunge Neil – big guitar riffs, face-melting solos and shouted harmonies. There is a reason the Seattle sound sees Neil as their godfather.
Overall the album has a brilliantly slacker feel. It is a skill to sound exquisitely bored and profound at the same time.
On The Beach (1974)- I am a little more familiar with this album because I picked up the 2003 HDCD encoded remastered version when it came out (kind of big deal at the time as it had been out of print since the original 1974 release).
The opening track, “Walk On,” has a bright bouncy feel, with a bit of menace. “See The Sky About To Rain” has nice alt-country feel mixing Wurlitzer piano and steel guitar. “Revolution Blues” sounds as menacing as its subject (Charles Manson). It features a classic snarling Neil electric lead guitar and a very groovy Rick Danko bass riff. “For The Turnstiles” would have been a amazing CSNY song, but instead it a simple duet with long time Neil sideman Ben Keith – which makes it even cooler. The side closes with “Vampire Blues” a serpentine jam poking fun at the oil industry (“sucking blood from the earth”). The song features some of the coolest sounds on the album.
Side two opens with the titular track – which is long jangly and reflective jam (“I need a crowd of people, I can’t face them day to day”). If Cobain could have written a track like this he may not have offed himself. “Motion Pictures” is heartbreak: “I am deep inside myself, but I will get out somehow.” The album ends with “Ambulance Blues” a acoustic slow burning reflection on Neil’s place in pop culture at that point in time (“you are all just pissin’ the wind”. Musically it is inspired by one of Neil’s guitar heroes: Bert Jansch.
Overall this is beautifully bleak album that soaks in quite desperation with a wry wink. This is an album that requires repeated listens to appreciate – take the time you will be rewarded. I was too young and ignorant to experience this album at the time, but it must have been a shocking counter punch to its studio predecessor Harvest.
Tonight’s The Night (1975) If On The Beach was bleak, Tonight’s The Night is even bleaker: a portrait of a burnt out and wasted rock star. The hippie has been reincarnated into a a coke snorting degenerate wallowing in the tragic loss of good friends to rock and roll excess. Yet Neil somehow makes his quite desperation noble and transcendent: the zen of deprivation.
There are a lot of Neil Young fans that consider this a masterpiece, but it does not do it for me. But it is authentic. Neil cut open a vein and bled all over this record. This is Neil’s “Exile On Main Street.” Drugs are all fun and games until people start dying.
Young set the standard for slackers to come – the elegant stumble; the brilliant mistake. Neil somehow makes senseless death funky. Weird shit. Not one of my favorite Neil Young albums, but I get why true fans dig it.
Zuma (1975) This the album in this collection that I am most familiar with. It is one of my favorite Neil Young albums. This album foreshadows the masterpiece Rust Never Sleeps that would follow Zuma in a few years.
It starts out with the jangly “Don’t Cry No Tears.” Which segues into “Danger Bird” which would not be out of place on an early Radiohead album. Neil and Crazy Horse play wonderfully lethargic distorted metal riffs throughout the song. I get so blissed out when Neil young lets “Old Black” out of its cage. Neil juxtapositions “Danger Bird” with the mellow folk rock of “Pardon My Heart.” “Lookin’ For Love” is a nice country rock shuffle that echoes back to Harvest. It has some great lyrics including:
Looking’ for a love
that’s right for me
I don’t know how long
it’s going to be
But I hope I treat her kind
And don’t mess with her mind
When she starts to see
the darker side of me.
“Barstool Blues” is classic Neil and Crazy Horse. Sloppy slacker bitter rock and roll with plenty of snarl. “Stupid Girl” is not mysogenistic, it is just a guy pissed at his ex-lover. “Drive Back” has ACDC swagger with Beatles’ pop sensibility.
“Cortez The Killer” is my favorite cut on the LP. It’s groove, the slow grinding lugubrious jam, is the sound that hooked me on Neil Young and Crazy Horse. Heavy Metal on red wine and Quaaludes. I absolutely love when Neil does this kind of shit. The LP ends on gentle song “Through My Sails” that is basically a CSN&Y song.
Zuma is classic eclectic Neil Young. For you crated diggers out there this is the easiest of the 4 LPs to find. I also declare that Zuma has the best cover art of any Neil Young album.
In summary this 4 LP set represents the end of end of 60s idealism and the introduction of mid-70s nihilism. Young lays the ground work for punk. I would be seriously moved by Neil Young a few years later by Rust Never Sleeps and Live Rust. These albums foreshadow that greatness. This was a dark period for Young, but the great artist he was (and is), he mined that darkness to create something so ugly it was beautiful.














































